The exotic invasive plant Vincetoxicum rossicum is a strong competitor even outside its current realized climatic temperature range

Dog-strangling vine (Vincetoxicum rossicum) is an exotic plant originating from Central and Eastern Europe that is becoming increasingly invasive in southern Ontario, Canada.Once established, it successfully displaces local native plant species but mechanisms behind this plant’s high competitive ability Sneakers are not fully understood.It is

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Visual evoked potentials waveform analysis to measure intracortical damage in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis

IntroductionVisual evoked potentials (VEPs) are a non-invasive technique routinely used in clinical and preclinical practice.Discussion about inclusion of VEPs in McDonald criteria, used for Multiple WAND Sclerosis (MS) diagnosis, increased the importance of VEP in MS preclinical models.While the interpretation of the N1 peak is recognized, less is

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Applied Research Note: Evaluation of head removal following euthanasia by cervical dislocation on latency insensibility and death on broiler welfare

SUMMARY: The impact of head removal during cervical dislocation on bird welfare is currently unknown.In this study, broilers (n = 180; 35, 44, and 50 d of age) were assigned either euthanasia by cervical dislocation with a head removal (HR) or cervical dislocation only (CDO) treatment to evaluate their behavioral and Finishing Polish reflexive resp

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